Yintoni i-Large-Scale 3D Printing kwaye isebenza njani?

Eyona ndlela iphambili yokwenziwa kwezinto ezongezelelekileyo kwimizi-mveliso yitekhnoloji enkulu yeprinta ye-resin 3D , esebenzisa iindlela ze-vat photopolymerization ukwenza iindawo ezichanekileyo ezinomthamo wokwakha omkhulu kakhulu kuneprinta ze-3D zedesktop eziqhelekileyo. Kwiindlela ezintsonkothileyo kushishino kwiimoto, kwiinqwelomoya, kwezonyango, nakwii-elektroniki zabathengi, ezi nkqubo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zisebenzisa imithombo yokukhanya ye-UV ukunyanga ii-resin ze-photopolymer ezingamanzi umaleko ngomaleko. Oku kuzinika umphezulu ogudileyo kakhulu kunye nomlinganiselo ochanekileyo.

Ukuqonda iTekhnoloji yokuPrinta ye-3D ye-Large-Scale Resin

Ukuprinta kwe-resin 3D enkulu kutshintshe indlela iifektri ezenza ngayo izinto ngokuvala umsantsa phakathi kophuhliso olukhawulezayo kunye nemveliso epheleleyo. Itekhnoloji ye-Vat photopolymerization isetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ikakhulu nge-SLA (i-laser-based stereolithography) njengetekhnoloji ebalaseleyo kwiinkqubo zoshishino ezinkulu, ngelixa iinkqubo ze-DLP kunye ne-LCD zixhomekeke kuyilo lwendawo kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa koomatshini abancinci.

Iziseko zeTekhnoloji ePhambili

Ukuprinta i-resin enkulu kusekelwe kwiinkqubo zayo ezichanekileyo zokukhanya kunye nobuchule obuphuculweyo bokuphatha izinto. Endaweni yokusebenzisa izinto ezishushu njengoko uninzi lweeprinta ze-FDM lusenza, ezi matshini zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokuskena i-UV laser ukuze zinyange ngokukhethekileyo ii-resin ze-photopolymer ezingamanzi. Ukuqala inkqubo, imodeli yekhompyutha isikwa ibe ziingqimba ezincinci kakhulu, zihlala ziqala kwi-25 ukuya kwi-150 microns kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zesicelo kunye neempawu zezinto. Iinkqubo ze-galvanometer ezichanekileyo kakhulu (umz., i-Scanlab) ezidityaniswe nemithombo ye-UV laser yezinga loshishino zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-SLA zoshishino ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ogqwesileyo we-beam kunye nokuchaneka kokuskena. Izipili ze-galvanometer zikhokela ngokuchanekileyo i-laser beam kumphezulu we-resin, kwaye ii-algorithms zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo ziphucula amaqhinga okuskena ukuze achaneke, umgangatho womphezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

Ubuchwepheshe bobungakanani beendawo eziguquguqukayo

Iiprinta ezinkulu ze-resin zanamhlanje zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha, obuhlukeneyo bobukhulu beendawo ukuze zijikeleze urhwebo oludala phakathi kwesantya kunye nokuchaneka. Ubungakanani obuhlukeneyo beendawo ze-laser busetyenziswa kumanyathelo ahlukeneyo okuprinta kule teknoloji intsha. Iindawo ezinkulu (0.5 ukuya kwi-0.6 mm) zikhawulezisa iinkqubo zokuzalisa ngaphakathi kwezinto, ngelixa iindawo ezincinci (0.18 ukuya kwi-0.2 mm) ziqinisekisa ukuba iimilo kunye neenkcukacha ziprintiwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokufunda nzulu kwenza ukuprinta kube ngcono ngakumbi, okuvumela isantya ukuba sifikelele kwi-30-50% ngokukhawuleza kuneendlela zemveli. Ezi nkqubo zilungisa iiparameter zokuskena ngokusekelwe kumaqhinga okulungisa indlela yangaphambi kokucubungula kunye nokuskena ukuze kufumaneke umgangatho kunye nesantya esingcono.

Iingenelo eziphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Large-Scale Resin 3D Printing

Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yokuprinta i-resin enkulu kuneenzuzo ezinkulu kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zamashishini. Ezi nzuzo zihamba ngaphaya kokukwazi ukutshintsha ubungakanani; ziquka nokuphuculwa okusisiseko kwindlela iimveliso ezenziwe kakuhle ngayo ngeprinta enkulu ye-resin 3D kunye nendlela ezisebenza kakuhle ngayo.

Iingenelo zokuSebenza kwezeShishini

Iinkqubo zomshicileli we-resin 3D ezinkulu ziyawususa umba wokuhlukaniswa kwenxalenye, zivumela abenzi ukuba benze izinto ezinkulu njengesakhiwo esinye esiqinileyo. Olu phawu lugcina ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo kwaye luphumela kwiipropati ezifanayo zoomatshini xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezininzi ezisekelwe kwi-filament, nangona i-isotropy yokwenyani isaxhomekeke kwiimeko zezinto kunye nenkqubo ezingenakufunyanwa ngokuhlanganisa iiprinta ezinamacandelo amaninzi. Enye inzuzo ebalulekileyo kukuba ezi nkqubo zinokufikelela ekugqityweni komphezulu kufikelela kumgangatho ofakwe injection nge-post-processing efanelekileyo. Ngokuphakama kwamaleko okuphantsi njenge-25 microns, ubume obuntsonkothileyo kunye neemilo zinokukopishwa ngemigca emaleko ebonakalayo encinci xa kuthelekiswa neendlela ezininzi zokwenza izinto ezongezelelweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba emva kokucubungula kube lula kakhulu.

ICandelo-Izicelo Ezingqale

Ukuprinta i-resin enkulu kusetyenziswa kwishishini leemoto ukwenza iiprototypes ezikhawulezayo zeendawo zephaneli, ii-manifolds zokungenisa umoya, kunye neendawo zangaphakathi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso. Kunokwenzeka ukuba iinjineli zivavanye iipropati zokufaneleka nokusebenza phantsi kweemeko zoxinzelelo lobushushu ngelixa zigcina ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo seendawo ezihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo. Ukuveliswa kweqela elincinci kunye novavanyo lweprototype lweendawo ezicwangciswe nzima zezona zinto zisetyenziswa zizindiza. Le teknoloji iluncedo kakhulu ekwenzeni amalungu achanekileyo kunye neendawo ezineemilo ezingaqhelekanga ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yokuchaneka okungqongqo kwaye zinika abayili inkululeko yokwenza utshintsho kuyilo ngokukhawuleza. Ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa kwicandelo lezonyango kunye namazinyo ukwenza iiprosthetics ezikhethekileyo, izikhokelo zotyando, kunye nezixhobo ze-orthodontic. Izixhobo ezihambelana ne-bio zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iimveliso ezikhethekileyo kwisigulana ngasinye. Oku kuvumela izicwangciso zonyango zomntu ngamnye eziphucula iziphumo zeklinikhi. Ukuphindaphinda ngokukhawuleza kuluncedo kumashishini ezihlangu kunye nee-elektroniki zabathengi. Basebenzisa ukuprinta okukhulu ukwenza iimodeli zezihlangu, iisampulu zobugcisa obunxitywayo, kunye nezakhiwo ze-lattice ezinzima eziphucula ukusebenza ngelixa kusetyenziswa izinto ezincinci.

Ukukhetha ilungelo Iphrinta ye-3D yeResin enkulu: Ukuthelekisa kunye nokwenza izigqibo

Ukuze ukhethe inkqubo yokuprinta i-resin enkulu, kufuneka ujonge ngononophelo iinkcukacha zayo zobugcisa, iimfuno zokusebenza, kunye neendleko zobunini zizonke. Inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kufuneka ifumane ulungelelwano phakathi kwemfuneko yokuvelisa ngoko nangoko kunye nesidingo sokukwazi ukukhula kwixesha elizayo.

Iiparamitha zoVavanyo oluBalulekileyo

Eyona migangatho icacileyo yivolumu yokwakha, kodwa abathengi kufuneka bacinge nangendlela ubungakanani kunye nokufana kwesisombululo okunxulumene ngayo. Iinkqubo eziphambili ziqinisekisa amandla ahambelanayo e-laser spot kunye nokuchaneka kwentsimi yokuskena elinganisiweyo kuyo yonke indawo yokwakha. Oku kuqinisekisa umgangatho ukusuka kumda ukuya kumda kwaye kuthintele iimilo ezinkulu ezithe tyaba ekugobeni. Kwiindlela ezinkulu zokusetyenziswa, ukuchaneka kwe-optical kunye nokungaguquguquki kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwiisayizi zokuprinta ezingaphezulu kwama-600mm, iinkqubo ze-SLA zemizi-mveliso zixhomekeke kwi-laser scanning optics, ziqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwe-XY okuhambelanayo (ngesiqhelo i-25–85 microns) kwiindawo ezinkulu zokwakha. Olu zinzo lwe-optical luqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho weendawo eziprintiweyo emacaleni eqonga uhlala ufana neendawo eziprintiweyo embindini.

Ukuhambelana kwezinto kunye nokuguquguquka kwazo

Izicelo ezinkulu ezisebenza kakuhle zisebenzisa iinkqubo zezinto ezivulekileyo ezixhasa iiresini zomntu wesithathu ezinokusebenza neefomyula ezahlukeneyo zeresini ezivela kubenzi abahlukeneyo. Oku kuguquguquka kunceda ukugcina iindleko ziphantsi ngelixa kunika abasebenzisi ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokusetyenziswa okuthile. Xa kuziwa kwizicelo, iiresini zodidi lobunjineli zikunika ukhetho oluninzi. Ungafumana iifomyula zobushushu obuphezulu (ngesiqhelo ukusuka kwi-120°C ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-200°C kuxhomekeke kwiifomyula ezikhethekileyo zobushushu obuphezulu), izinto eziqinileyo ezifana ne-ABS, kunye neekhompawundi zerabha eziguquguqukayo. Ukuze kuphathwe iiresini ezinobungqingili obuphezulu, iitanki ezishushu okanye iivati ​​zihlala zifuneka ukugcina iimpawu zokuhamba zisemagqabini.

Iingqwalasela zeNkqubo yokuHlanganisa

Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokushicilela i-resin 3D ezinkulu zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili bokulawula amandla okugaya ukujongana neprinta ye-resin 3D enkulu amandla anamandla enziwa xa iindawo ezinkulu neziqinileyo zahlulwe kwifilimu ye-vat. Izakhiwo ze-vat eziqinileyo ezineefestile ezicacileyo ezisezantsi, ezidityaniswe neenkqubo zokwahlula i-Z-axis ezilawulwayo, zisetyenziselwa ukulawula amandla okwahlula ngexesha lokuqhekeka kweeleya kunye nokuqinisekisa ukunamathelana okuzinzileyo phakathi kweeleya. Iireyile ezimbini ezithe nkqo kunye nezikrufu zebhola ezichanekileyo, eziyinxalenye yeenkqubo zokuhamba ezithe nkqo zemizi-mveliso, zigcina i-Z-axis izinzile kwezi meko zinzima. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa ezisisigxina okanye izixhobo zokulungisa ezichanekileyo zabantu zigcina ulungelelwaniso lwepleyiti yokwakha ngaphakathi kwee-microns ezimbalwa zempazamo.

Ukugcinwa, Ukusombulula iingxaki, kunye noKhuseleko kwi-Large-Scale Resin 3D Printing

Ukuze iinkampani ezinkulu zokuprinta i-resin ziqinisekise umgangatho wemveliso ozinzileyo kunye nobude bexesha lezixhobo, kufuneka zibe nemigaqo yokugcinwa kakuhle kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko.

Ugcino lweMisebenzi eLungileyo

Ukucoca nokulinganisa iinkqubo rhoqo kuzigcina zisebenza kakuhle kwaye kuthintela ixesha lokungasebenzi elibizayo. I-resin vat kunye ne-optical window interface zifuna ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa rhoqo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokuguguleka kunye ne-resin chemistry. Ukugcinwa kweenkqubo ze-optical kubandakanya ukucoca iilensi ze-optical, izibuko, kunye neefestile ezikhuselayo ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla e-laser rhoqo. Imithombo ye-UV laser kufuneka ijongwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo lwemveliso ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukutshintshwa kufuneka kucwangciswe ngokusekelwe kwiiyure zokusetyenziswa zokwenyani kunemihla yekhalenda. Iibheringi ezithe tyaba kunye nezikrufu zebhola kwiinkqubo zoomatshini zisebenza ngcono xa zithanjiswe ngeoyile rhoqo, kwaye i-Z-axis ihamba kakuhle xa inkqubo yokunyakaza ilinganisiwe kwaye igcinwa ukuqinisekisa intshukumo ezinzileyo ye-Z-axis. Ukujonga rhoqo kunye nokulinganisa kwakhona ipleyiti yokwakha kuyadingeka ukugcina ukubopha komaleko wokuqala kuhleli kufana.

Imigaqo yoKhuseleko kunye neNgqwalasela yokusiNgqongileyo

Ngenxa yokuba ii-photopolymers ezinganyangwanga zinokuba yingozi, kukho imithetho engqongqo ekufuneka ilandelwe xa kusetyenzwa nge-resin. Ukunxiba iiglavu ze-nitrile, iiglasi zokhuseleko, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ukuhamba komoya okwaneleyo okuzijikelezileyo kubasindisa ekuchukunyisweni lusu nasekuvezweni ngumphunga. Ngenxa yemithombo yazo yokukhanya enamandla, izixhobo ezinkulu zenza ukhuseleko lokuvezwa yi-UV lube lubaluleke nangakumbi. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezikhuselweyo kwaye ziqhagamshelwe ngokufanelekileyo zikhusela abantu ekubeni bavezwe ngengozi ngexesha lokusebenza nokugcinwa. Imithetho yokulahla inkunkuma kufuneka igubungele inkunkuma yeplastiki engamanzi kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ezingcolileyo kunye nezinto zokucoca. Ukuqinisa i-resin eseleyo ngaphambi kokuba uyilahle kukhusela okusingqongileyo kwaye kunciphisa iingozi zokuyiphatha.

Isikhokelo sokuthenga: Phi kwaye Ungathenga njani Iiprinta ze-3D zeResin ezinkulu

Xa uthenga iinkqubo zokuprinta i-resin ezinkulu, kufuneka ucinge ngononophelo ngezakhono zomboneleli, iziseko zenkonzo, kunye neendleko zizonke zobunini, ezibandakanya okungaphezulu nje kwexabiso lezixhobo ngokwazo.

Iikhrayitheriya zoVavanyo loMboneleli

Abavelisi abasele bekhona ixesha elide kwaye banembali yempumelelo enkulu yeprinta ye-resin 3D kwimveliso yezongezo zemizi-mveliso zezona zilungileyo onokuqala ngazo. Iinkampani ezineepatenti ezininzi kunye neemvume zangaphandle zibonisa ukuba zinobunzulu bobuchwephesha bokuxhasa ukusetyenziswa okunzima kwezorhwebo. Iziseko zenkonzo zibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezinkulu kuba zinzima kakhulu kwaye kufuneka zichaneke kakhulu ukuze zisebenze kakuhle. Ababoneleli abanika uncedo lobuchwepheshe iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisixhenxe ngeveki, ngamaxesha okuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nezakhono zenkonzo kwindawo yokugcina imveliso zigcina imveliso isebenza kakuhle kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba iingxaki zobugcisa zilungiswa ngokukhawuleza.

Iingqwalasela zezeMali kunye nezoLungiselelo

Iinkqubo zeprinta ezinkulu ze-resin 3D zihlala zinesakhiwo samaxabiso esiquka izinto ezahlukeneyo, njengezixhobo ezisisiseko, ukufakelwa kunye nokuseta, uqeqesho lomsebenzisi, kunye nezivumelwano zenkonzo eziqhubekayo. Ukwazi ngezi zinto zeendleko kukunceda ufumane iindleko zizonke zobunini ngokuchanekileyo kwaye wenze izigqibo ezikrelekrele. Ukukhetha imali, njengezivumelwano zokuqeshisa kunye nezaphulelo zokuthenga ngobuninzi, kunokunceda ekulawuleni ukuhamba kwemali xa uthenga izixhobo eziphambili. Ababoneleli abaninzi bakuvumela ukuba ukhethe indlela yokuhlawula, okukuvumela ukuba udibanise iindleko zezixhobo nesicwangciso sokunyusa imveliso. Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo kunye nokuchaneka kwazo, ezi nkqubo zifuna unonophelo olongezelelweyo xa zithunyelwa kwaye zifakwa. Ukufakelwa kobuchwephesha, ukuphathwa ngononophelo, kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo ngexesha lokuhamba konke kusebenzisana ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zifika zikwimo egqibeleleyo kwaye ziqala ukusebenza njengoko bekulindelwe kwangoko.

isiphelo

Ukuprinta kwe-resin 3D enkulu kukhule kwaba sisakhono esibalulekileyo sokwenza izinto esinokusetyenziselwa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo kunye nemveliso kumashishini amaninzi ahlukeneyo. Ezi nkqubo zilungele amashishini afuna ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwemveliso ngelixa esagcina imigangatho ephezulu kuba anomgangatho ophezulu womphezulu, ubukhulu obuchanekileyo, kunye nemveliso enokwandiswa. Ukuze ufumane okuninzi kushicilelo lwe-resin olukhulu, kufuneka ucinge ngononophelo malunga neemfuno zobugcisa, iimfuno zokusebenza, kunye nezakhono zabathengisi. Oku kuya kukunceda ufumane imbuyekezo engcono kutyalo-mali lwakho kwaye kuqinisekise imveliso ethembekileyo ixesha elide.

FAQ

1. Zeziphi izinto ezisebenza kakuhle kwiiprinta ezinkulu ze-resin 3D?

Izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-photopolymer zingaprintwa kwiiprinta ze-resin ezinkulu. Ezi ziquka ii-resin ezisemgangathweni zophuhliso, ii-resin ezinzima ze-engineering-grade zeendawo ezisebenzayo, iifomyula zobushushu obuphezulu zovavanyo lobushushu, kunye nezixhobo eziguquguqukayo zeendawo ze-elastomeric. Into ebalulekileyo kukukhetha iinkqubo ezihambelana nomthombo ovulekileyo kwaye ezinokusebenzisa ii-resin ezivela kubenzi abahlukeneyo. Oku kukunika ukhetho lweendleko kunye noluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa.

2. Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuprinta iindawo ezinkulu?

Kuba kwiinkqubo ze-SLA, ixesha lokwakha lixhomekeke kubunzima bendlela yokuskena kunye nobukhulu bemaleko, nangona ukuphakama kwenxalenye kuhlala kuyinto ephambili, ixesha lokuprinta lichaphazeleka kakhulu bubude benxalenye kunye nobunzima bendlela yokuskena endaweni yomthamo iyonke. Nokuba injani na okanye incinci kangakanani na imilo yayo, inxalenye ende engama-200mm idla ngokuthatha iiyure ezisi-8 ukuya kwezili-12. Ukuseta ukuphakama kwemaleko (25–100 microns) kunefuthe elikhulu kwixesha lilonke. Umzekelo, kumaxabiso amancinci, umaleko ngamnye kufuneka uvezwe ixesha elide.

3. Ngowuphi umahluko okhoyo phakathi kweeprinta ze-resin kunye ne-filament?

Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-filament, iiprinta ze-resin kufuneka zicocwe kwaye iindawo zazo zitshintshwe rhoqo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo, iinxalenye ze-vat film Interface zifuna ukuhlolwa rhoqo ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo lwenkqubo. Iinxalenye ze-optical ezifana ne-laser kunye neenkqubo ze-galvanometer zinobomi obude benkonzo kodwa zifuna ukulinganiswa nokugcinwa rhoqo. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ze-resin zihlala zifuna ukugcinwa kancinci koomatshini kuneenkqubo ze-filament extruder kuba zincinci iindawo ezihambayo.

4. Ndingaqinisekisa njani ukuba umgangatho uhambelana kwiindawo ezinkulu zokwakha?

Ukuze umgangatho uhambelane, ukukhanya kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye inkqubo kufuneka igcinwe rhoqo. Ukuze kugcinwe inqanaba lokuvezwa lifana kulo lonke iqonga lokwakha, iinkqubo eziphucukileyo zisebenzisa imithombo yokukhanya ehlanganiswe kwaye ilungelelaniswe ngokuchanekileyo. Iinkqubo zokuvavanya rhoqo kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo lobushushu be-resin kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpawu zokuphilisa ziyafana ukusuka kumda ukuya kumda.

Guqula uMveliso wakho ngeMagforms Large-Scale Resin 3D Printing Solutions

I-Magforms inikezela ngobuchwepheshe beprinta ye-3D ye-resin enkulu ethengiswayo, eya kutshintsha indlela ozenza ngayo izinto. Iinkqubo zethu ze-SLA zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zine-German Scanlab galvanometers kunye netekhnoloji ye-laser enokutshintsha indawo. Zinokuprinta ngokuchanekileyo kwe-±0.1mm. Ngamalungelo obunikazi angaphezu kwama-22 kunye neminyaka yamava okusebenza namashishini angaphezu kwama-300 kwihlabathi liphela, sinikezela ngezisombululo ezihlanganisiweyo ezidibanisa iimveliso nezixhobo ezithembekileyo. Nanini na, nangaliphi na usuku, iqela lethu loncedo lweengcali liya kubuya kuwe kwisithuba seyure kwaye lisombulule ingxaki kwiiyure ezine. Nxibelelana nathi ku-info@magforms.com ukuze ufumane indlela iinkonzo zethu zomenzi weprinta ye-3D yeplastiki enkulu ezinokukunceda ngayo ukuba ufikelele kwiingcamango ezintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye uzithengise ngokukhawuleza.

Ucaphulo

1. Gibson, Ian, David Rosen, kunye noBrent Stucker. "Iiteknoloji zoKwenza izinto ezongezelelweyo: ukuPrinta nge-3D, ukuPrototayipha okuKhawulezayo, kunye nokuVelisa ngeDijithali ngqo." Uhlelo lwesi-2, eSpringer, ngo-2015.

2. Chua, Chee Kai, kunye noKah Fai Leong. "Ukuprinta kwe-3D kunye noKwenziwa kweZongezo: Imigaqo kunye neZicelo." Uhlelo lwesi-5, iWorld Scientific Publishing, ngo-2017.

3. Ngo, Tuan D., et al. "Ukwenziwa Kokongeza: Imeko Yangoku, Amandla Exesha Elizayo, Izikhewu kunye Neemfuno, kunye neeNgcebiso." Ijenali yeSayensi yoKwenziwa koBunjineli kunye noBuchule, uMqulu 140, No. 6, 2018.

4. I-ASTM yaMazwe ngaMazwe. "Isigama esiQhelekileyo seTekhnoloji yoKwenziwa kweZinto ezoNgezelelweyo." 2012, ASTM F2792-12a, eWest Conshohocken, PA.

5. NguTerry T. Wohlers kunye noTim Caffrey. "Ingxelo yeWohlers ka-2020: Ukuprintwa kwe-3D kunye nokuVeliswa koNcedo Imeko yoShishino." Wohlers Associates, 2020.

6. KwiManufacturing Letters, uMqulu 17, 2018, uGroth, uCameron, nabanye babhale inqaku elibizwa ngokuba yi "Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing: Current State and Future Opportunities."