Kutheni iiPrinta ze-Stereolithography 3D zingalingani neMicrofluidic Device Prototyping?

Itekhnoloji yeprinta ye-Stereolithography 3D itshintshe indlela yokubhala izixhobo ze-microfluidic ngokubonelela ngokuchanekileyo okungenakuthelekiswa nanto kunye nomgangatho womphezulu obalulekileyo ekwenzeni itshaneli ye-microscale. Inkqubo ye-photopolymerization ehambelana neenkqubo ze-SLA ivumela ukudalwa kwejometri ze-microfluidic ezintsonkothileyo ezinokuchaneka okulinganayo okungenakufaniswa neendlela zemveli zokuvelisa. Xa kuphuhliswa izixhobo zelebhu-kwi-chip okanye iinethiwekhi zokuhamba ezintsonkothileyo, amandla aphezulu okusombulula ukuprinta kwe-sterolithography aqinisekisa iiprototypes ezihambelanayo nezithembekileyo ezimela ngokuchanekileyo iinkcukacha zokugqibela zemveliso, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olukhethwayo kumaziko ophando kunye namashishini okuvelisa kwihlabathi liphela.

ukuqonda Ukuprintwa kwe-3D yeStereolithography Technology

I-Stereolithography ithetha ngendlela yanamhlanje yokwenza izinto ezongeziweyo esebenzisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo ukunyanga ngokukodwa i-fluid photopolymer resin ibe ziinxalenye zeplastiki eziqinileyo. Esi siphatho se-photopolymerization somaleko ngomaleko sibonisa ukusasazwa kweenkcukacha ezingaqhelekanga, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe luncedo kakhulu kwizicelo ezifuna ukukhanya okubonakalayo kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu ogudileyo.

Inkqubo yePhotopolymerization ngokweenkcukacha

Umsebenzi we-SLA uqala ngeprinta ye-Stereolithography 3D enqumla izinto zibe ngamawaka eeleya ezibhityileyo. Umaleko ngamnye ufumana ukukhanya okuchanekileyo kwe-UV laser, okubangela ukuba i-fluid tar iqine apho ukukhanya kubetha khona. Le nkqubo yokulungisa elawulwayo inika amandla ekudalweni kwejometri zangaphakathi ezintsonkothileyo kunye neempawu ezintle ezingenakuqondwa ukuba zenziwe ngamaqhinga okwenziwa aqhelekileyo. Isigaba sokwakha siqhubeka sinyuka njengoko umaleko ngamnye oqhubekekayo ubophana nowangaphambili, ekugqibeleni ubumba inxalenye epheleleyo enamacala amathathu.

IiResins ezikhethekileyo zeMicrofluidic Applications zifumana ukukhanya okuchanekileyo kwe-UV laser, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-fluid tar iqine apho ukukhanya kukhanya khona.

Izakhelo zanamhlanje ze-sterolithography zixhasa uluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezenzelwe uphuhliso lwesixhobo se-microfluidic. I-resin ehambelana ne-biocompatible ihlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko eziqinileyo kwizicelo zonyango, ngelixa iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo zivumela ukubonwa ngokubonakalayo kokuhamba kolwelo ngexesha lovavanyo. Izixhobo ezichasene neekhemikhali zimelana nokuchatshazelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinyibilikisayo kunye nee-reagents ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kuphando lwe-microfluidic, okuqinisekisa ubuchule bezixhobo kulo lonke ixesha lovavanyo olwandisiweyo.

IiNzuzo zokuthelekisa ngaphezu koBugcisa obunye

Xa kuthelekiswa nemodeli yesitatimenti esibunjiweyo (i-FDM) okanye i-laser sintering ethile (i-SLS), i-sterolithography ibonakalisa ngokuthembekileyo umgangatho womphezulu ophambili kunye nokuchaneka kobukhulu. Iifom ze-FDM zihlala zenza imigca ecacileyo yomaleko enokuphazamisa uyilo lomlambo wolwelo, ngelixa uyilo lwe-SLS lulwa neemfuno zokumisela kakuhle eziqhelekileyo zezicelo ze-microfluidic. Ukusonga umphezulu okugudileyo okunokufezekiswa yi-SLA kuphelisa ukuphazamiseka komlambo okunokwenzeka kwaye kunika amandla ukuziphatha kolwelo okumangalisayo ngaphakathi kwezixhobo zemodeli.

Iingenelo eziphambili zeStereolithography kwiMicrofluidic Device Prototyping

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zobuchwepheshe be-SLA zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ezininzi ezenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwesixhobo se-microfluidic. Ezi zibonelelo zijongana ngqo neemfuno ezifunekayo zeenkqubo zokulawula nokuhlaziya ulwelo lwe-microscale.

Ukuchaneka kunye nesisombululo esingaqhelekanga

Ukuprintwa kwe-Stereolithography kufezekisa ubude beeleyara obuncinci njenge-0.01mm, okunika amandla ukuveliswa okuthembekileyo kweendlela ezincinci, iivalvu, kunye namagumbi okuxuba ngolawulo oluchanekileyo. Eli nqanaba lokuchaneka liqinisekisa ukuba amazinga omlambo wolwelo, ukwehla kobunzima, kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zokuxuba zilungelelanisa uqikelelo olucingelwayo, okuvumela abahlalutyi ukuba bavume izicwangciso ngempumelelo, kutshanje bazibophelele ekusebenziseni izixhobo zokuvelisa. Ukuphindaphinda okuthembekileyo kweefom ze-SLA kuthetha ukuba iimodeli ezahlukeneyo ezingahlukanisekiyo zinokunikezelwa ukuze kuvavanywe kwaye kuqinisekiswe ngaxeshanye.

Ukuguquguquka kwezinto kunye nokuhambelana kweekhemikhali

Ithala leencwadi elibanzi le-resin ye-photopolymer efikelelekayo linika ukhetho kuzo zonke iinjongo zayo nayiphi na indlela yokusebenzisa i-microfluidic. Izixhobo ezilula zikhuthaza ukujonga nokuvavanya okubonakalayo, ngelixa iinkcukacha ezizodwa zibonelela ngokumelana nezinyibilikisi zendalo, ii-asidi, kunye neziseko eziqhele ukufunyanwa kwiimeko zophando. Oku kuguquguquka kwelaphu kususa isidingo sokuphazamisa isicwangciso sezixhobo ngokusekelwe kwimida yokuvelisa, okunika amandla iimpawu ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza.

Ukuphindaphinda Okukhawulezileyo kunye noPhuhliso Olusebenzayo

Ukwenziwa kwezixhobo ze-microfluidic zemveli rhoqo kufuna izixhobo ze-photolithography ezibizayo kunye neeofisi zokucoca. Uyilo lwe-SLA lulawula inkqubo yokwenziwa kweeprototyping ngokuvumela imijikelo yesicwangciso esikhawulezayo ngexabiso eliphantsi kunelesiqhelo. Utshintsho lwesicwangciso lunokwenziwa kwaye luzame kwiiyure okanye mhlawumbi kwiiveki, okukhawulezisa kakhulu ixesha lophuhliso lwezicelo ze-microfluidic ezingasetyenziswanga.

Ezi ngongoma ziphambili zibeka i-sterolithography njengelungiselelo elifanelekileyo lemibutho ejonge ukunciphisa iindleko zokuphucula ngelixa inyusa isantya sophuhliso. Olu tshintsho lunceda kakhulu uphando malunga neenkampani zokufundisa kunye neenkampani ezintsha ezifuna ubuchule bokwenza iiprototyping eziguquguqukayo ngaphandle kotyalo-mali olukhulu lwemali.

Ukukhetha Elona lihle Iprinta ye-3D ye-Stereolithography kwi-Microfluidic Prototyping

Ukukhetha inkqubo ye-SLA efanelekileyo kufuna uvavanyo olucokisekileyo lweenkcukacha zobugcisa kunye neemfuno zokusebenza. Esi sigqibo sinefuthe elikhulu kwimpumelelo yeprototyping yexesha elifutshane kunye nemveliso yophando lwexesha elide.

IiNkcazelo zoBugcisa eziBalulekileyo

Amandla okusombulula ingxaki athetha eyona ngcamango ibalulekileyo xa ukhetha izixhobo ze-stereolithography zezicelo ze-microfluidic. Iifreyimu ze-XY ezibhengeza ukumisela kwe-25 microns okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kweenkcukacha ezanelisayo kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-microfluidic. Amandla okuphakama kweleya ye-Z-axis ngaphantsi kwe-0.025mm avumela izahluli zetshaneli ezigudileyo kunye nenkcazo ethe tye. Izinto ezifunekayo kwivolumu yokwakha ziyatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kuqikelelo lwesixhobo kunye neemfuno zeprototyping yeqela, kunye namanqanaba amakhulu avumela ukuveliswa ngaxeshanye kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo.

Iimpawu eziphambili kunye neempawu zokuSebenza

Iiframework ze-SLA zanamhlanje zidibanisa iinkqubela phambili eziphucula umgangatho wokuprinta kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ubuchule be-laser yobukhulu bebala obuguquguqukayo, njengoko busetyenziswa kwiiframework eziphambili, buphucula isantya sokuprinta ngelixa bugcina ukuchaneka. Iiframework ze-laser ezibanzi zikhawulezisa imisebenzi yokuzalisa ngaphakathi, ngelixa iiframework ezincinci ziqinisekisa ukuchazwa kwefom ngokuchanekileyo. Le ndlela ye-dual-spot inokuphucula isantya sokuprinta nge-30-50% xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-single-spot.

Iingqwalasela zoLondolozo nokuthembeka

Uphando lweMicrofluidic lucela iprinta ye-3D ezinzileyo yeStereolithography ukuqinisekisa ukuba uvavanyo lusemthethweni. Iifreyimu ezidibanisa izinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ezivela kubavelisi abaziwayo zibonisa ukuzinza okuxhaphakileyo kwexesha elide kunye nokuncipha kweemfuno zokugcinwa. Ii-galvanometers ezenziwe ngaseJamani kunye neenjini ze-servo ezichanekileyo zinegalelo ekuchanekeni okumangalisayo kwendawo kunye nokwandiswa kolindelo lobomi bokusebenza. Ezi zinto ziphambili ziqinisekisa ixabiso lazo elongezelelweyo ngokunciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi kunye nomgangatho wemveliso othembekileyo.

Inkqubo ebanzi yokuxhasa ibaluleke ngokufanayo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kophando oluxhaswayo. Amaqela abucala athengisa amandla okuphendula ngokukhawuleza anciphisa ukuphazamiseka xa kuvela iingxaki, ngelixa amaxwebhu abanzi kunye nezixhobo zokulungiselela zinika abathengi amandla okwandisa amandla okusebenza kwenkqubo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweStereolithography kuPhuhliso lweZixhobo zeMicrofluidic

Ukuguquguquka kwetekhnoloji ye-SLA kwenza kube lula usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo kwiindidi ezininzi zezixhobo ze-microfluidic. Ukuphunyezwa kwehlabathi lokwenyani kubonisa iingenelo ezisebenzayo ze-sterolithography kwiinkqubo zophando kunye nophuhliso lwezorhwebo.

IiNethiwekhi zeMicrochannel ezintsonkothileyo kunye noHlanganiso

Ii-microfluidic frameworks eziphambili zihlala zidibanisa iinkqubo zetshaneli ezintsonkothileyo ezinee-cross-sections ezitshintshayo, ii-coordinate valves, kunye nee-mixing components eziphambili. I-Stereolithography idlula ulindelo ekudaleni ezi geometries zintsonkothileyo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuqokelela ii-component ezahlukeneyo. Izixhobo eziprintwa ngolunye ushicilelo zilahla i-spill focuss ezinokubakho kwaye zihlengahlengise ukwenziwa kwee-gadget, ngelixa zinika amandla ii-plan features ezingenakwenzeka ngeendlela zokwenza izinto zemveli.

Imodeli yesixhobo seLab-on-a-Chip

Izicwangciso zophando ezidibeneyo ezidibanisa ulungiselelo lovavanyo, amagumbi okuphendula, kunye nezixhobo zokufumanisa zixhamla kakhulu kubuchule be-SLA. Olu hlaziyo lunika amandla uphando olukhawulezileyo lwejometri ezahlukeneyo zesiteshi, ubungakanani begumbi lokuphendula, kunye nokukhetha kokulawula okuguquguqukayo. Abahlalutyi banokukhawulezisa ukwenziwa kwesixhobo ngokuqhubela phambili isicwangciso esiphindaphindayo, ekugqibeleni bafezekise ukuphunyezwa okuqhelekileyo kwengcaciso xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo ezithintelwe yimida yokuvelisa.

IiNdlela zokuVelisa iiHybrid

Ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo ze-microfluidic okuphumelelayo kudla ngokudibanisa iindlela ezintsha zokwenza imveliso ukuze kuphuculwe isantya seprototyping kunye nokuguquguquka kokuvelisa. Iimodeli ze-SLA zisebenza njengeemodeli eziluncedo zovavanyo lokuvunywa, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye zinika uyilo lokuphucula izixhobo zokubumba. Le ndlela yokusebenzisa kabini ikhawulezisa ixesha lokuthengisa ngelixa iqinisekisa ukuhamba okuthe tye ukusuka kwimodeli ukuya kwisizukulwana.

Imibutho esebenzisa iindlela zokuqhubela phambili ixela ukwehla okukhulu kwixesha lophuhliso ngokubanzi kwaye yenze inkqubela ekuphunyezweni kwento yokugqibela ngokusebenzisa amathuba okuphucula isicwangciso.

Ukuthengwa kunye neNkxaso: Kutheni kufuneka ube nguMthengisi wePrinta ye-SLA 3D othembekileyo?

Ukukhetha intsebenziswano efanelekileyo yomthengisi kudlulela ngaphaya kokuthengwa kwezixhobo zokuqala. Impumelelo yexesha elide ixhomekeke kwisiseko senkxaso esibanzi kunye nentsebenziswano yobugcisa eqhubekayo.

Iipotifoliyo zeMveliso eziBanzi kunye nokuGuquka

Iiprinta ze-Stereolithography 3D zibonelela ngeenkqubo ze-ecosystem ezipheleleyo eziquka i-hardware, izixhobo, kunye nezisombululo zesoftware ezilungiselelwe ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo. Uyilo lwemithombo evulekileyo lubonelela ngokuguquguquka ekukhetheni izinto, okuvumela ukulungiswa kweendleko kunye nokukhetha izinto ezithile zesicelo. Le ndlela yahluke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo ezivalela abasebenzisi kwiindlela ezibizayo nezilinganiselweyo zezinto.

I-Magforms ingumzekelo wale ndlela ibanzi ngokusebenzisa amakhonkco okubonelela adibeneyo adibanisa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezilungisiweyo. Iinkqubo zabo ziquka ii-galvanometers zeGerman Scanlab, ii-laser ze-AOC, kunye neemoto ze-servo ze-Panasonic AC, eziqinisekisa ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kunye nokuthembeka. Imodeli ye-SL600 ifikelela kuchanekileyo lokuprinta kwe-±0.1mm ngoyilo lwayo oluzinzileyo lwesiseko semabula, inika uzinzo olusondele kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso kwizicelo ze-microfluidic ezifuna amandla.

Ubuchule obuPhambili boBugcisa kunye nokuSebenza kakuhle

Iinkqubo ze-SLA zanamhlanje zibandakanya ubuchwepheshe obuphambili obuphucula kakhulu imveliso kunye nokusebenza. Itekhnoloji yokuprinta nge-laser enobukhulu obuguquguqukayo inokunyusa isantya sokuprinta nge-30-50% xa kuthelekiswa neendlela eziqhelekileyo. Ii-algorithms zokufunda ngokunzulu zivumela ukuphuculwa kwesantya esongezelelweyo se-20% ngokusebenzisa iipateni zokuskena ezilungisiweyo kunye neeparamitha zenkqubo.

Olu phuculo lobuchwepheshe luguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwixesha lokuhanjiswa kweeprototype ezinciphileyo kunye neendleko eziphantsi ngenxalenye nganye, nto leyo evumela uphononongo olubanzi loyilo ngaphakathi kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali oluncinci lophuhliso. Imibutho iyaxhamla kwimijikelo yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha ekhawulezileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo okuphuculweyo.

Inkxaso yeHlabathi kwiZiseko zoPhuhliso kunye nobuGcisa

Ababoneleli abasele bekhulile bagcina uthungelwano olubanzi lwenkxaso olubonelela ngobuchule bendawo kunye nokukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Amaqela obuchwephesha anikezela ngeengcebiso ezingama-24/7 kunye namaxesha okuphendula aqinisekisiweyo aqinisekisa ukuphazamiseka okuncinci kwiinkqubo zophando ezibalulekileyo. Inkxaso yobunjineli kwindawo yokusebenza kwimiba enzima ibonisa ukuzinikela kwimpumelelo yabathengi ngaphaya kokuthengiswa kwezixhobo zokuqala.

Ukudityaniswa kokufikelela kwihlabathi liphela kunye nenkxaso yasekuhlaleni kudala imixokelelwane yokubonelela ezinzileyo ekwaziyo ukuxhasa intsebenziswano yophando lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe. Olu lwakhiwo luba luncedo kakhulu kwimibutho esebenza kwiindawo ezininzi okanye ethatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zophando ezisebenzisanayo.

isiphelo

Iprinta ye-Stereolithography 3D izibonakalise njengesisombululo esiphambili sokwenza i-microfluidic device prototyping ngokusebenzisa indibaniselwano yayo engenakuthelekiswa nanto yokuchaneka, ukuguquguquka kwezinto, kunye nokukwazi ukuphindaphinda ngokukhawuleza. Inkqubo ye-photopolymerization inika ukuchaneka kobukhulu kunye nomgangatho womphezulu obalulekileyo ekusebenzeni okuthembekileyo kwe-microfluidic, ngelixa ukhetho lwezinto ezahlukeneyo luvumela ukwenziwa ngcono kwesicelo esithile. Iinkqubo ze-SLA zanamhlanje zibandakanya iimpawu eziphambili ezifana ne-variable spot-size lasers kunye ne-AI-optimized processing eziphucula kakhulu imveliso ngaphandle kokubeka umgangatho esichengeni. Imibutho esebenzisana nababoneleli abaziwayo ifumana ukufikelela kwiziseko zophuhliso ezibanzi kunye nobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo obuqinisekisa impumelelo yexesha elide kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ze-microfluidic.

FAQ

Kutheni i-SLA inika ukuchaneka okuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokuprinta ze-3D?

I-Stereolithography ifumana ukuchaneka okugqwesileyo ngenkqubo yayo ye-photopolymerization, ephilisa i-resin ngokuchaneka okucacileyo kusetyenziswa ukukhanya kwe-UV okugxile. Ngokungafaniyo nokuprinta kwe-FDM, okufaka iplastiki enyibilikisiweyo ngee-nozzles, okanye i-SLS, edibanisa amasuntswana e-powder, i-SLA idala iimpawu ezigudileyo nezichanekileyo ngaphandle kwemigca ebonakalayo yeleya. I-liquid resin medium ivumela ukuveliswa kweenkcukacha ezincinci, ngokuqhelekileyo ifikelela kubude beleya obuyi-0.01mm kunye nesisombululo se-XY se-25 microns okanye ngaphezulu.

Zeziphi iintlobo ze-resin ezisebenza kakuhle kwi-microfluidic device prototyping?

Iiresini ezicacileyo zibonakala zisebenziseka lula kwizicelo ze-microfluidic njengoko zivumela ukujonga ngokubonakalayo ukuhamba kolwelo kunye nokuziphatha kokuxuba. Iifomyula ezihambelana ne-bio zibalulekile ekuphuhlisweni kwezixhobo zonyango, ngelixa iiresini ezimelana neekhemikhali zimelana nokuchatshazelwa zizinto ezinyibilikisayo kunye nee-reagents. Iiresini ezinesisombululo esiphezulu ezilungiselelwe ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintle ziqinisekisa i-geometry yetshaneli echanekileyo kunye neendawo zangaphakathi ezigudileyo ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha kolwelo okuqikelelweyo.

Ndingayigcina njani iprinta ye-SLA isebenza kakuhle ekuhambeni kwexesha?

Ukucocwa rhoqo kwetanki ye-resin kunye neqonga lokwakha kuthintela ungcoliseko olunokuchaphazela umgangatho wokuprinta. Buyisela iifilimu ze-FEP rhoqo ukuze kugcinwe ukucaca kokukhanya kunye nokuthintela imiba yokunamathela. Gcina ii-laser ze-UV zilinganiswe kakuhle kwaye uzitshintshe ngokweshedyuli yomenzi. Gcina ii-resin kwindawo efanelekileyo yobushushu kunye neemeko zokukhanya ukuze ugcine iimpawu zazo zokuphilisa. Sebenzisa iishedyuli zokulungisa rhoqo izinto zoomatshini ezifana nee-galvanometers kunye nee-servo motors ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuqhubekayo kokubekwa.

Guqula i-Microfluidic Prototyping yakho ngeMagforms Stereolithography Solutions

I-Magforms ikulungele ukuguqula uphuhliso lwesixhobo sakho se-microfluidic ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zethu zokuprinta ze-SLA eziphambili ezenzelwe ngokukodwa usetyenziso oluchanekileyo. Indlela yethu edibeneyo idibanisa izixhobo ezilungiselelwe kakuhle ezine-German Scanlab galvanometers kunye ne-AOC lasers kunye nee-resin ezenziwe ngokukodwa, zibonelela ngokusebenza okungenakuthelekiswa nanto kokwenziwa kwesixhobo se-microscale. Njengomvelisi weprinta ye-sterolithography 3D othembekileyo , sinikezela ngenkxaso epheleleyo, kubandakanya ukubonisana ngobuchwepheshe iiyure ezingama-24/7 kunye neziqinisekiso zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Nxibelelana neengcali zethu ku-info@magforms.com ukuze ufumane indlela itekhnoloji yethu ye-laser enobukhulu obuguquguqukayo kunye nokusetyenzwa kwe-AI okunokukhawuleza ngayo ixesha lakho lophando ngelixa kunciphisa iindleko zophuhliso.

Ucaphulo

1. Waheed, S., Cabot, JM, Macdonald, NP, kunye noPaull, B. (2016). Izixhobo ze-microfluidic eziprintiweyo nge-3D: izixhobo ezivumelayo kunye nezithintelo zokuthengisa. Ilebhu kwiChip, 16(11), 1993-2013.

2. Au, AK, Huynh, W., Horowitz, LF, kunye noFolch, A. (2016). I-microfluidics eprintiweyo nge-3D. Uhlelo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe lwe-Angewandte Chemie, 55(12), 3862-3881.

3. Nielsen, AV, Beauchamp, MJ, Nordin, GP, kunye noWoolley, AT (2020). Izixhobo ze-Stereolithography eziprintiweyo ze-3D microfluidic zokukhupha i-RNA ngesigaba esiqinileyo. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1106, 90-98.

4. Kotz, F., Arnold, K., Bauer, W., Schild, D., Keller, N., Sachsenheimer, K., kunye noRapp, BE (2017). Ushicilelo olunemilinganiselo emithathu lweglasi yesilika edityanisiweyo ecacileyo. Nature, 544(7650), 337-339.

5. Gong, H., Woolley, AT, kunye noNordin, GP (2016). Iivalvu ze-microfluidic eziprintiweyo ezine-3D ezixineneyo, iimpompo, kunye nee-multiplexers. Ilebhu kwiChip, 16(13), 2450-2458.

6. Romanov, V., Samuel, R., Chaharlang, M., Jafek, AR, Frost, A., & Gale, BK (2018). Ukuprintwa kwe-FDM 3D kwezixhobo ze-microfluidic ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ezingatshiyo, nezingabonakaliyo. I-Analytical Chemistry, 90(17), 10450-10456.